REMOTE SENSING

Agun Awan, S.Pd. (Jl.Bandar Ngalim Gg.II/1-A, Bandar Kidul, Mojoroto, Kediri, Indonesia)

Penginderaan jauh (atau disingkat inderaja) adalah pengukuran atau akuisisi data dari sebuah objek atau fenomena oleh sebuah alat yang tidak secara fisik melakukan kontak dengan objek tersebut atau pengukuran atau akuisisi data dari sebuah objek atau fenomena oleh sebuah alat dari jarak jauh, (misalnya dari pesawat, pesawat luar angkasa, satelit, kapal atau alat lain. Contoh dari penginderaan jauh antara lain satelit observasi bumi, satelit cuaca, memonitor janin dengan ultrasonik dan wahana luar angkasa yang memantau planet dari orbit.
Di masa modern, istilah penginderaan jauh mengacu kepada teknik yang melibatkan instrumen di pesawat atau pesawat luar angkasa dan dibedakan dengan penginderaan lainnya seperti penginderaan medis atau fotogrametri. Walaupun semua hal yang berhubungan dengan astronomi sebenarnya adalah penerapan dari penginderaan jauh (faktanya merupakan penginderaan jauh yang intensif), istilah "penginderaan jauh" umumnya lebih kepada yang berhubungan dengan teresterial dan pengamatan cuaca.

TEKNIK PENGUMPULAN DATA

Data dapat dikumpulkan dengan berbagai macam peralatan tergantung kepada objek atau fenomena yang sedang diamati. Umumnya teknik-teknik penginderaan jauh memanfaatkan radiasi elektromagnetik yang dipancarkan atau dipantulkan oleh objek yang diamati dalam frekuensi tertentu seperti inframerah, cahaya tampak, gelombang mikro, dsb. Hal ini memungkinkan karena faktanya objek yang diamati (tumbuhan, rumah, permukaan air, udara dll) memancarkan atau memantulkan radiasi dalam panjang gelombang dan intensitas yang berbeda-beda. Metode penginderaan jauh lainnya antara lain yaitu melalui gelombang suara, gravitasi atau medan magnet.

These materials were developed by Shannon Crum, Department of Geography, University of Texas at Austin, 1995. These materials may be used for study, research, and education in not-for-profit applications. If you link to or cite these materials, please credit the author, Shannon Crum, The Geographer's Craft Project, Department of Geography, The University of Colorado at Boulder. These materials may not be copied to or issued from another Web server without the author's express permission. Copyright © 2000 All commercial rights are reserved. If you have comments or suggestions, please contact the author or Kenneth E. Foote. Bahan-bahan tersebut dikembangkan oleh Shannon Crum, Departemen Geografi, Universitas Texas di Austin, 1995. Bahan-bahan ini dapat digunakan untuk studi, penelitian, dan pendidikan di tidak-untuk keuntungan aplikasi-. Jika Anda link ke atau mengutip bahan-bahan, silakan kredit penulis, Shannon Crum, The Geographer's Craft Proyek, Departemen Geografi, Universitas Colorado di Boulder. Bahan-bahan ini tidak boleh disalin atau dikeluarkan dari server lain Web tanpa ekspres izin penulis. Copyright © 2000 All rights komersial dilindungi ,. Jika Anda memiliki komentar atau saran silahkan hubungi penulis atau Kenneth E. Foote di k.foote colorado.edu @ .

This page is available in a framed version . Halaman ini tersedia dalam versi berbingkai . For convenience, a Full Table of Contents is provided.

This unit introduces basic concepts of remote sensing of the environment. It is intended to provide you with the background information necessary to successfully use remotely sensed imagery in conjunction with GIS technology to answer questions about the world in which we live.

In recent years, technological advances have changed the way geographic analyses are done.

Increasingly, computers are used to automate aspects of cartography and remote sensing, producing data that are easily integrated into a GIS.

Many GIS systems have the capability of incorporating aerial photography, satellite data, and radar imagery into their data layers.

The process is simple, as images may be scanned or read off a data tape.

However, to use this technology effectively, it is important to know the strengths and limitations of remotely sensed data, and to understand which types of imagery are suited to particular projects.

This unit was developed with these concerns in mind.

The information and exercises contained within it are intended to familiarize you with the interface between remote sensing and GIS.

The Electromagnetic Spectrum

The USGS defines the electromagnetic spectrum in the following manner: "Electromagnetic radiation is energy propagated through space between electric and magnetic fields. The electromagnetic spectrum is the extent of that energy ranging from cosmic rays, gamma rays, X-rays to ultraviolet, visible, and infrared radiation including microwave energy."

Electromagnetic Waves

Electromagnetic waves may be classified by FRECUENCY or WAVELENGTH and the velocity of ALL electromagnetic waves is equal to the speed of light, which we (along with Einstein) will refer to as C .

Wave Phenomena Concepts

Fenomena gelombang Konsep

Electromagnetic waves are radiated through space.

terpancar

When the energy encounters an object, even a very tiny one like a molecule of air, one of three reactions occurs.

The radiation will either be reflected off the object, absorbed by the object, of transmitted through the object.

The total amount of radiation that strikes an object is referred to as the incident radiation , and is equal to:

radiasi insiden,

reflected radiation + absorbed radiation + transmitted radiation

tercermin radiasi + radiasi diserap + radiasi ditransmisikan

In remote sensing, we are largely concerned with REFLECTED RADIATION. This is the radiation that causes our eyes to see colors, causes infrared film to record vegetation, and allows radar images of the earth to be created.

Amplitude and Wavelength

Amplitudo dan Panjang gelombang

Wave Descriptions

Wave Deskripsi

The electric field and the magnetic field are important concepts that can be used to mathematically describe the physical effects of electromagnetic waves.

The electric field vibrates in a direction transverse (ie perpendicular) to the direction of travel of the electromagnetic wave.

The magnetic field vibrates in a direction transverse to the direction of the em wave AND transverse to the electric field.

POLARIZATION: Polarization is defined by the orientation of the electrical field E. It is usually described in terms of HORIZONTAL POLARIZATION and VERTICAL POLARIZATION.

Polarization is most important when discussing RADAR applications of remote sensing.

The Particle Nature of Light

Sifat Partikel dari Cahaya

Infrared Radiation

Radiasi Inframerah

Sources of Electromagnetic Radiation

Sumber Radiasi elektromagnetik

Aerial Photography

Aerial photography has two uses that are of interest within the context of this course: (1) Cartographers and planners take detailed measurements from aerial photos in the preparation of maps.

(2) Trained interpreters utilize arial photos to determine land-use and environmental conditions, among other things.

Although both maps and aerial photos present a "bird's-eye" view of the earth, aerial photographs are NOT maps.

Maps are orthogonal representations of the earth's surface, meaning that they are directionally and geometrically accurate (at least within the limitations imposed by projecting a 3-dimensional object onto 2 dimensions).

Aerial photos, on the other hand, display a high degree of radial distortion.

That is, the topography is distorted, and until corrections are made for the distortion, measurements made from a photograph are not accurate.

Nevertheless, aerial photographs are a powerful tool for studying the earth's environment.

Because most GISs can correct for radial distortion, aerial photographs are an excellent data source for many types of projects, especially those that require spatial data from the same location at periodic intervals over a length of time.

Typical applications include land-use surveys and habitat analysis.

This unit discusses benefits of aerial photography, applications, the different types of photography, and the integration of aerial photographs into GISs.

Basic Elements of Air Photo Interpretation

Novice photo interpreters often encounter difficulties when presented with their first aerial photograph.

Aerial photographs are different from "regular" photos in at least three important ways:

objects are portrayed from an overhead (and unfamiliar) position. objek digambarkan dari overhead (dan asing) posisi.
very often, infrared wavelengths are recorded, and sangat sering, panjang gelombang inframerah dicatat, dan
photos are taken at scales most people are unaccustomed to seeing foto yang diambil pada skala kebanyakan orang tidak terbiasa untuk melihat

These "basic elements" can aid in identifying objects on aerial photographs.

Tone (also called Hue or Color) -- Tone refers to the relative brightness or color of elements on a photograph. Nada (juga disebut Hue atau Warna) - Nada mengacu pada kecerahan relatif atau warna elemen pada foto. It is, perhaps, the most basic of the interpretive elements because without tonal differences none of the other elements could be discerned. Hal ini, mungkin, yang paling dasar dari unsur penafsiran karena tanpa ada perbedaan nada dari unsur-unsur lainnya dapat dibedakan.
Size -- The size of objects must be considered in the context of the scale of a photograph. Ukuran - Ukuran benda harus dipertimbangkan dalam konteks skala foto. The scale will help you determine if an object is a stock pond or Lake Minnetonka. skala ini akan membantu Anda menentukan apakah sebuah benda kolam saham atau Danau Minnetonka.
Shape -- refers to the general outline of objects. Bentuk - mengacu pada garis besar umum dari objek. Regular geometric shapes are usually indicators of human presence and use. bentuk geometris Reguler biasanya indikator keberadaan manusia dan digunakan. Some objects can be identified almost solely on the basis of their shapes. Beberapa benda dapat diidentifikasi hampir semata-mata berdasarkan bentuk mereka.

the Pentagon Building Gedung Pentagon
(American) football fields (Amerika) lapangan sepak bola
cloverleaf highway interchanges jalan raya susun daun semanggi

Texture -- The impression of "smoothness" or "roughness" of image features is caused by the frequency of change of tone in photographs. Tekstur - Kesan dari "kelancaran" atau "kekasaran" fitur gambar disebabkan oleh frekuensi perubahan nada dalam foto. It is produced by a set of features too small to identify individually. Hal ini dihasilkan oleh serangkaian fitur terlalu kecil untuk mengidentifikasi secara individual. Grass, cement, and water generally appear "smooth", while a forest canopy may appear "rough". Rumput, semen, dan air umumnya muncul "halus", sementara hutan kanopi dapat muncul "kasar".
Pattern (spatial arrangement) -- The patterns formed by objects in a photo can be diagnostic. Pola (tata ruang) - Pola dibentuk oleh objek dalam foto bisa diagnostik. Consider the difference between (1) the random pattern formed by an unmanaged area of trees and (2) the evenly spaced rows formed by an orchard. Pertimbangkan perbedaan antara (1) pola acak yang dibentuk oleh daerah unmanaged pohon dan (2) spasi baris secara merata dibentuk oleh kebun buah.
Shadow -- Shadows aid interpreters in determining the height of objects in aerial photographs. Shadow - Shadows bantuan interpreter dalam menentukan ketinggian obyek dalam foto udara. However, they also obscure objects lying within them. Namun, mereka juga obyek mengaburkan berbaring dalam diri mereka.
Site -- refers to topographic or geographic location. Situs - mengacu pada atau geografis lokasi topografi. This characteristic of photographs is especially important in identifying vegetation types and landforms. Karakteristik ini foto sangat penting dalam mengidentifikasi jenis vegetasi dan bentang alam. For example, large circular depressions in the ground are readily identified as sinkholes in central Florida, where the bedrock consists of limestone. Misalnya, depresi melingkar besar di tanah yang mudah diidentifikasi sebagai lubang di Florida tengah, dimana batuan dasar terdiri dari batu gamping. This identification would make little sense, however, if the site were underlain by granite. Identifikasi ini akan masuk akal sedikit, bagaimanapun, jika situs itu underlain oleh granit.
Association -- Some objects are always found in association with other objects. Asosiasi - Beberapa benda selalu ditemukan dalam kaitannya dengan obyek lain. The context of an object can provide insight into what it is. For instance, a nuclear power plant is not (generally) going to be found in the midst of single-family housing. Konteks obyek yang bisa memberikan informasi tentang apa itu. Sebagai contoh, pembangkit listrik tenaga nuklir tidak (umumnya) akan ditemukan di tengah-tengah perumahan keluarga tunggal.

Advantages of Aerial Photography over Ground-Based Observation

Keuntungan dari Aerial Photography atas Ground Berbasis Observasi

Aerial photography offers an improved vantage point. fotografi udara menawarkan sudut pandang baik.
Aerial photography has the capability to stop action. Aerial fotografi memiliki kemampuan untuk menghentikan tindakan.
It provides a permanent recording. Ini memberikan rekaman permanen.
It has broader spectral sensitivity than the human eye. Ini memiliki sensitivitas spektral yang lebih luas daripada mata manusia.
It has better spatial resolution and geometric fidelity than many ground-based sensing methods. Ini memiliki spasial resolusi yang lebih baik dan kesetiaan geometris daripada banyak berdasarkan sensing metode-tanah.

Types of Aerial Photography

Black and White

Hitam dan Putih

Austin, Texas

Hidalgo County, Texas

Color

Warna

Color Infrared

Warna Inframerah

In 1903 or 1904 the first reliable black and white infrared film was developed in Germany.

The film emulsion was adjusted slightly from regular film to be sensitive to wavelengths of energy just slightly longer than red light and just beyond the range of the human eye.

By the 1930s, black and white IR films were being used for landform studies, and from 1930 to 1932 the National Geographic Society sponsored a series of IR photographs taken from hot air balloons.

Throughout the 1930s and 1940s, the military was hard at work developing color infrared film, eager to exploit it for surveillance.

By the early 1940s the military was successful in its attempts.

It developed a film that was able to distinguish camouflaged equipment from surrounding vegetation. Within months, however, an IR reflecting paint was developed for use on military vehicles, effectively making IR film technology useless to the military.

So, they dropped it.

The scientific community, however, has made continuous use of the film technology.

Color infrared film is often called "false-color" film.

Objects that are normally red appear green, green objects (except vegetation) appear blue, and "infrared" objects, which normally are not seen at all, appear red.

The primary use of color infrared photography is vegetation studies. This is because healthy green vegetation is a very strong reflector of infrared radiation and appears bright red on color infrared photographs.

more to come

lebih untuk datang

Basic Photogrammetry

Applications of Aerial Photography

Land-Use Planning and Mapping

Geologic Mapping

Archaeology

Species Habitat Mapping

Integration of Aerial Photography into GIS

Digital Image Processing Digital Image Processing

Why Process Remotely Sensed Data Digitally?

Humans are adept at visually interpreting data. Manusia mahir visual menafsirkan data. We can distinguish millions of colors, several shades of gray, and have a demonstrated ability to identify water, vegetation, and urban forms on several types of imagery. Kita bisa membedakan jutaan warna, beberapa nuansa abu-abu, dan memiliki kemampuan untuk mengidentifikasi menunjukkan air, vegetasi, dan bentuk perkotaan pada beberapa jenis citra. Why try to expand on this? Mengapa mencoba untuk memperluas ini?

(1) There are limits to a person's ability to distinguish small differences in color. (1) ada batasnya kemampuan seseorang untuk membedakan perbedaan-perbedaan kecil dalam warna. We are especially limited in our resolution of shades of gray. If data are collected using 256 shades of gray, but an analyst can only distinguish 8-10 (optimistically) of them, a great deal of information is potentially lost. Kami sangat terbatas dalam resolusi kita nuansa abu-abu,. Jika data dikumpulkan menggunakan 256 warna abu-abu tetapi analis hanya bisa membedakan 8-10 (optimistis) dari mereka, banyak informasi yang berpotensi hilang. The human interpreter is outpaced by the precision of the data. Penafsir manusia melampaui dengan ketepatan data. Computers, however, have no trouble distinguishing 256 shades of gray. Komputer, bagaimanapun, telah kesulitan membedakan 256 abu-abu. Each one is individually recognizable. Masing-masing individu dikenali. And, the analyst has control over the conputer's presentation of the data. Dan, analis memiliki kontrol atas conputer's penyajian data. She can group it any way she pleases, extract a portion of it, or display it in false color. Dia bisa kelompok cara apapun yang dia inginkan, ekstrak sebagian, atau menampilkannya dalam warna palsu. Data sets can also be combined, compared, and contrasted with more ease and precision (not to mention speed) than if the task were left to humans alone. set data juga dapat dikombinasikan, dibandingkan, dan kontras dengan mudah lebih dan presisi (belum lagi kecepatan) dibandingkan jika tugas manusia dibiarkan saja.
(2) Human interpretations are highly subjective, hence, not perfectly repeatable. Conversely, results generated by computer--even when erroneous--are usually repeatable. (2) interpretasi manusia sangat subyektif, sehingga tidak sempurna diulang -. Sebaliknya, hasil yang dihasilkan oleh komputer bahkan ketika salah - biasanya diulang.
(3) When very large amounts of data are involved (a series of photos of an orange grove taken at 5 day intervals over an entire growing season) the computer may be better suited to managing the large body of detailed (and tedious) data. (3) Apabila jumlah yang sangat besar data yang terlibat (serangkaian foto dari kebun jeruk diambil pada interval 5 hari selama musim pertumbuhan seluruh) komputer mungkin akan lebih cocok untuk mengelola tubuh besar rinci (dan membosankan) data.

The processes of manual image interpretation and digital image interpretation are similar in many ways. Proses interpretasi citra manual dan interpretasi citra digital adalah serupa dalam banyak cara. The goals of analysis are often the same, though the routes may vary. Tujuan analisis seringkali sama, meskipun rute mungkin bervariasi.

Sources of Digital Data Sumber Data Digital

Image Enhancement Image Enhancement

Data Classification Klasifikasi Data

Satellite Imaging Satelit Imaging

Landsat

LANDSAT refers to a series of satellites put into orbit around the earth to collect environmental data about the earth's surface. LANDSAT mengacu pada serangkaian satelit yang dimasukkan ke dalam orbit mengelilingi bumi untuk mengumpulkan data lingkungan sekitar permukaan bumi. The LANDSAT program was initiated by the US Department of Interior and NASA under the name ERTS, an acronym which stands for Earth Resources Technology Satellites. LANDSAT Program ini diprakarsai oleh Departemen Dalam Negeri dan NASA di bawah ERTS nama, akronim yang merupakan singkatan dari Bumi Resources Teknologi Satelit. ERTS-1 was launched on July 23, 1972, and was the first unmanned satellite designed solely to acquire earth resources data on a systematic, repetitive, multispectral basis. ERTS-1 diluncurkan pada 23 Juli 1972, dan merupakan satelit berawak pertama yang dirancang semata-mata untuk mendapatkan sumber daya bumi data pada berulang,, multispektral secara sistematis. Just before the launch of the second ERTS satellite, NASA announced it was changing the program designation to LANDSAT, and that the data acquired through the LANDSAT program would be complemented by the planned SEASAT oceanographic observation satellite program. Tepat sebelum peluncuran satelit ERTS kedua, NASA mengumumkan penunjukan mengubah program untuk LANDSAT, dan bahwa data yang diperoleh melalui program LANDSAT akan dilengkapi dengan observasi satelit oseanografi SEASAT program yang direncanakan. ERTS-1 was retroactively named LANDSAT-1, and all subsequent satellites in the program have carried the LANDSAT designation. ERTS-1 surut bernama LANDSAT-1, dan semua satelit berikutnya dalam program ini telah melakukan penunjukan LANDSAT. Over time, the sensors carried by the LANDSAT satellites have varied as technologies improved and certain types of data proved more useful than others. Seiring waktu, sensor-sensor yang dibawa oleh satelit LANDSAT memiliki beragam seperti teknologi perbaikan dan jenis data tertentu terbukti lebih berguna daripada yang lain. The table which follows outlines the sensors onboard each satellite, their launch dates, and the dates they were decommissioned. Tabel yang mengikuti menguraikan sensor onboard setiap satelit, tanggal peluncuran mereka, dan tanggal mereka dinonaktifkan.

The various Landsats have had Multispectral Scanners (MSS) Para berbagai Landsat memiliki Multispektral Scanner (MSS) , Return Beam Vidicon (RBV) scanners, and Thematic Mapper (TM) , Return Beam Vidicon (RBV) scanner, dan Thematic Mapper (TM) scanners. scanner. Each type has its own spectral range and spatial resolution. Setiap jenis memiliki jangkauan spektral sendiri dan resolusi spasial.

Interpreting Landsat Data

The images discussed in this section are the property of the University of California, Santa Barbara. Gambar dibahas dalam bagian ini adalah milik dari University of California, Santa Barbara. Click here to get to the Center for Ecological Health Research Home Page, then click on the image indicated below, then back up to this page with the image still visible to read the discussion that pertains to the image. Klik di sini untuk sampai ke Pusat Penelitian Kesehatan Ekologis Home Page, kemudian klik pada gambar yang ditunjukkan di bawah, kemudian kembali ke halaman ini dengan gambar masih terlihat untuk membaca diskusi yang berhubungan dengan gambar. Detailed explanations of the images will be added soon. penjelasan rinci gambar akan ditambahkan segera.

Click on the first image, labeled "California". Klik pada gambar pertama, berlabel "California". This is a false color image that has been processed by computer. Ini adalah gambar warna palsu yang telah diproses oleh komputer.
Now, close the image of California and return to the CEHR Home Page. Sekarang, tutup citra California dan kembali ke Halaman CEHR. Click on the third image, labeled "San Francisco Bay Delta, Northern California". more to come Klik pada gambar ketiga, berlabel "San Francisco Bay Delta, Northern California". Lebih untuk datang

SPOT

NOAA AVHRR

Geostationary and Polar Orbiting Satellites NOAA Polar Orbiting Satelit geostasioner dan

NOAA GOES mission overview and history. NOAA PERGI misi gambaran dan sejarah. The GOES graphic was prepared by the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center , which provides additional information about the GOES project. PERGI grafis yang dibuat oleh NASA Goddard Space Flight Center , yang menyediakan informasi tambahan tentang proyek GOES.

The first visible GOES-8 image. Yang terlihat pertama GOES-8 gambar. Look carefully and you can make out Baja California on the lower left and Lake Michigan on the upper right. Perhatikan baik-baik dan Anda dapat membuat keluar Baja California di kiri bawah dan Danau Michigan di kanan atas.

Applications of Satellite Imagery Aplikasi Citra Satelit

Integration of Satellite Imagery into GIS Integrasi Citra Satelit ke GIS

MSS, Thermal, and Hyperspectral Scanning MSS, Thermal, dan itt Scanning

Thermal Radiation Principles

Thermal infrared radiation refers to electromagnetic waves with a wavelength of between 3.5 and 20 micrometers. inframerah termal radiasi mengacu pada gelombang elektromagnetik dengan panjang gelombang antara 3,5 dan 20 mikrometer. Most remote sensing applications make use of the 8 to 13 micrometer range. Sebagian besar aplikasi penginderaan jarak jauh memanfaatkan 13 mikrometer rentang 8. The main difference between THERMAL infrared and the infrared discussed above is that thermal infrared is emitted energy, whereas the near infrared (photographic infrared) is reflected energy. Perbedaan utama antara TERMAL inframerah dan inframerah dibahas di atas adalah bahwa inframerah termal dipancarkan energi, sedangkan inframerah (fotografi inframerah) tercermin energi dekat.

Multispectral Scanning Multispektral Scanning

Interpreting Thermal Scanning Imagery Interpreting Pencitraan Scanning Termal

Limitations of Thermal Infrared Imaging

There are some limitations of thermal imagery you should be aware of if you plan to use it in your GIS: Ada beberapa keterbatasan citra termal Anda harus sadar jika Anda berencana untuk menggunakannya pada GIS:

It is very expensive. Hal ini sangat mahal.
Most thermal imaging systems have very strict operational parameters. Kebanyakan sistem thermal imaging memiliki parameter operasional yang sangat ketat. For example, the detector must be kept extremely cold during use. Sebagai contoh, detektor harus dijaga sangat dingin saat digunakan.
Thermal infrared imaging systems are notoriously difficult to calibrate. Thermal sistem pencitraan inframerah yang sangat sulit untuk mengkalibrasi.
The data collected has extensive processing requirements. Data yang dikumpulkan memiliki persyaratan pengolahan luas. A PC isn't going to cut it. PC A tidak akan memotongnya.
Thermal images can be quite difficult to interpret when compared with other types of imagery. Thermal gambar bisa sangat sulit untuk menafsirkan bila dibandingkan dengan jenis lain citra.
Thermal imagery is NOT geometrically correct. citra Thermal TIDAK geometri benar.
Thermal images of water measure only the very top layer of the water. Termal gambar ukuran air hanya lapisan paling atas dari air. They tell you nothing of the water's characteristics below the top few micrometers. Mereka memberi tahu Anda apa-apa tentang karakteristik air bawah beberapa mikrometer atas.

Radar (Microwave) Scanning Radar (Microwave) Scanning

Radar Images

The following radar images come from sites all over the world. Gambar radar berikut berasal dari situs di seluruh dunia. The files at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory have explanations accompanying the images. File-file di NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory memiliki penjelasan yang menyertai gambar.

Spaceborne Synthetic Aperture Radar , Oetxal, Austria. Spaceborne Synthetic Aperture Radar, Oetxal, Austria. This file was created by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, CA. File ini dibuat oleh NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory di Pasadena, CA.

Remote Sensing and GIS
To sum up, remotely sensed images have a number of features which make them ideal GIS data sources. Singkatnya, gambar penginderaan jauh memiliki sejumlah fitur yang membuat mereka ideal GIS sumber data.

Remote sensing provides a regional view. Penginderaan jauh memberikan pandangan daerah.
Remote sensing provides repetitive looks at the same area. Penginderaan jauh memberikan tampak berulang di wilayah yang sama.
Remote sensors "see" over a broader portion of the spectrum than the human eye. sensor Remote "melihat" atas sebagian dari spektrum yang lebih luas daripada mata manusia.
Sensors can focus in on a very specific bandwidth in an image. Sensor dapat memusatkan perhatian pada bandwidth yang sangat spesifik dalam sebuah gambar.
They can also look at a number of bandwidths simultaneously. Mereka juga dapat melihat sejumlah bandwidth secara bersamaan.
Remote sensors often record signals electronically and provide geo-referenced, digital, data. Remote sensor sering merekam sinyal elektronik dan memberikan geo-referenced, digital, data.
Some remote sensors operate in all seasons, at night, and in bad weather. Beberapa sensor remote beroperasi di semua musim, pada malam hari, dan dalam cuaca buruk.